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What is scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a spinal deformity that causes the spine to twist and curve sideways, often in the shape of an ‘S’ or a ‘C’.

The visual signs of scoliosis

  • visibly curved spine
  • leaning to one side
  • shoulders look uneven (one looks higher than the other)
  • uneven waist (one side looks higher than the other)
  • head may not look centred over the body
  • rib cage creates a hump that may be more noticeable when bending forward
  • rounded shoulders, particularly on one side
  • clothes that don’t fit well, for example an uneven or asymmetric skirt length

Other symptoms

  • stiffness
  • back pain (more common in adults)
  • pins and needles in the legs caused by pressure on the nerves

Types of scoliosis

Scoliosis is classified by age. These are the three main types:

  • Early onset scoliosis (EOS): Diagnosed in children under the age of 10
  • Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): Diagnosed between the ages of 10 and 18, or from the start of puberty until skeletal maturity
  • Adult scoliosis: Diagnosed in adults after age 18, when skeletal growth is complete

Early onset and adolescent scoliosis are often described as idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause.

How we treat scoliosis at different ages

Scoliosis by age

Scoliosis in children and teenagers

Children with early onset scoliosis can be at higher risk of progression during growth. Treatment options vary, and some children may be offered bracing as part of their wider care plan.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form and accounts for over 80% of scoliosis cases in children and teenagers. It affects both girls and boys from the age of 10 onwards until they reach skeletal maturity i.e. until they’ve stopped growing.

Adolescent scoliosis can progress quickly during growth spurts and hormonal changes.

Scoliosis in adults

Adult scoliosis can be idiopathic (without a specific cause) or degenerative (caused by the spinal discs and joints wearing down with age). It’s possible to experience both at the same time.

Risk factors for developing scoliosis in later life

Factors that can make it more likely for you to develop scoliosis as an adult, or for your scoliosis to get worse, include:

  • being less mobile
  • lack of regular extension activities
  • hormonal changes post-pregnancy and menopause
  • carrying heavy bags
  • underlying medical conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis
  • desk work and seated activities

Non-idiopathic scoliosis

Non-idiopathic scoliosis is scoliosis that’s caused by another medical condition. It can also be referred to as ‘symptomatic’ or ‘syndromic’ scoliosis.

Less commonly, scoliosis can be caused by the following:

  • cerebral palsy
  • muscular dystrophy
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Marfan syndrome
  • hypermobility syndrome
  • neurofibromatosis
  • syringomyelia
  • Scheuermann’s kyphosis (Scheuermann’s disease)
  • osteopenia
  • osteoporosis

 

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a curvature of the spine that causes the top of the back to look more rounded than usual. This results in a rounded or “hunched” appearance. It can occur at any age but is most commonly seen in older adults due to degenerative changes in the spine or in adolescents as part of a developmental issue.

Visual signs of scoliosis in female adolescent patients
Visual signs of scoliosis in female adolescent patients, photos taken before treatment

Diagnosis

If you think you or your child has scoliosis, a GP will be able to refer you to a specialist.

A specialist may arrange an X-ray to check the size of the curve. If they diagnose you with scoliosis, they will discuss treatment options with you.

The Cobb angle

The Cobb angle measures the size of a spinal curve. It is commonly used by medical specialists to assess the severity of scoliosis.

  • normal range: 0 to 10 degrees
  • mild scoliosis: 10 to 20 degrees
  • moderate: 20 to 40 degrees
  • severe: more than 40 degrees

Cobb angle interpretation and diagnosis are made by your medical team. We use measurements you’ve already been given to inform orthotic management, including brace design, fit and follow-up.

Scoliosis treatment

The severity of your scoliosis curve is the main factor in determining the type of treatment you will need.

Bracing can be effective for managing mild to moderate scoliosis during growth, particularly when it is worn as prescribed and monitored as part of a wider care pathway. Bespoke braces can also:

  • help reduce the risk of progression during growth
  • support comfort, posture and day to day movement
  • improve spinal flexibility before spinal surgery
  • provide support while you’re awaiting surgery

Some severe scoliosis curves may still require surgery.

See our scoliosis bracing treatment page. We may also recommend specialist scoliosis exercises as part of your care, delivered by our partner Scoliosis SOS.

A lightweight, custom 3D scoliosis brace designed to optimise in-brace correction

A bespoke brace can help reduce the risk of progression during growth and support curve management as part of a wider care plan. Our brace works by gently guiding your spine into a more corrective in-brace position, with follow-up and adjustments to support fit and comfort.

 

“LOC has been fantastic, friendly, understanding. Anna did not pull any punches about the wearing regime and gave us all the information we needed. Polly was in her brace for less than two years. LOC has provided a really incredible service.”

Zoe, Polly’s mother – Scoliosis patient (adolescent)

Get in touch for a free online orthotic consultation

Speak to our team about your options, with no obligation to begin treatment.

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020 8974 9989
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